Imperative mood in Russian: rule, examples

A verb is one of the most important parts of speech. It serves to describe the action, the designation of a certain process, that is, without it there will be absolutely nothing, only a meaningless name for a phenomenon that can not manifest itself in any way, by fixing itself in a certain state. This nominative part of the speech is characterized by such permanent morphological features as type, recurrence, transitivity and conjugation, while the nonconstant species include gender, person, number, time and inclination. The latter will be discussed in this article. How to determine the inclination of the verb in the Russian language, what does it influence, for which it is generally necessary? Let's try to understand and, importantly, remember.

What is the inclination? General view

In principle, some scientists define inclination as "attitude to reality". A rather abstract formulation, which does not explain the meaning of this morphological feature, is worth confessing. But if you try to understand, everything becomes very clear.

In total there are three inclinations. An incriminating inclination in Russian indicates a real action and is used in all three times - it is the most common and, therefore, the easiest to remember. Or the most difficult. The existence of it in three time forms allows you to conjugate verbs in all available ways, because of which you have to memorize a huge number of endings, which is not always so easy.

Imperative inclination in Russian also occurs quite often. It denotes an order, a request, an instruction-any action that a person must perform not on his own, but at the will of the interlocutor. Verbs in the imperative mood exist only in two forms, which, of course, simplifies the work with them, but at the same time creates certain difficulties for those who are not native speakers of the Russian language and can not intuitively choose the right ending.

Conditional mood in the Russian language, it is also called the subjunctive, shows an unreal action, possible under certain conditions. It is called the simplest: only one form, changing only by birth, to which a particle is added-it is not difficult to determine such an element in the text.

Now, when we have a basic idea of what inclinations are in the Russian language, examples will help us understand the rule better.

Imperative inclination - for what, how

So, we continue to consider the imperative mood in the Russian language. As it was mentioned above, it means, based on the name, a command in any of its forms: order, request, polite commission-the semantic hue depends only on intonation, no peculiarities in the formation of the form, depending on the motive that the speaker puts.

Imperative inclination in the Russian language - a rule that has been deposited in our subconscious, we apply it without even thinking. But still understand why this is so, and not otherwise, is necessary.

In order to use verbs in the imperative mood, first of all you need to determine who you need to turn to. To address a request to the person to whom the speaker refers to "you", the corresponding form of the singular is used. For its formation, it is necessary to take the ending from the verb in the indicative mood ( read-read-read-read, run-run-run ..., be-budU-bud ...) and add one of the two vowels ( and or) or a soft sign ( read, Runi, bud ). Fortunately, Russian speakers usually intuitively feel which ending to choose, so putting the verb into the second person of an exclusive number of imperative mood usually does not cause difficulties.

If we address a person to "you" or if we want to address our request to a group of people, then simply "those" are added to the form of the sole number of an imperative mood ( read, run, beT ) - everything is much easier than it seems at first glance.

Is it really that easy?

But this is Russian - where is it without exceptions? Nobody canceled verbs in which root vowels and consonants change when conjugated, or even completely root. For example, " eat-eat-eat, go-go-go-go ." Here, unfortunately, the rule is useless, either intuition or a banal subconscious knowledge of the necessary form will help - otherwise in any way.

Imperative inclination in Russian is the simplest subject, for mastering of which it is necessary to be able to form the singular form of the second person of this inclination, and if necessary simply add to it a "polite" ending.

The use of form-exceptions is not so frequent that it is a serious difficulty for native speakers. Foreigners, however, will have to try very hard to achieve an understanding of the imperative mood of the verb.

And a few more features

First, it is necessary to take into account the verb: the imperfect species is formed only from imperfective verbs - they answer the question "What should I do?" ( Open-open-open ), whereas the perfect view, respectively, only from the perfect one, with the question "What to do?" ( Slightly open-slightly-open ).

Another interesting thing related to the imperfect form of the verb: the presence of the suffix "va" after the roots "zna-", "yes-", "sta-" (as in words to recognize, to give, to insert ). Usually, in order to form an imperative mood, the verb is put in the first person of the singular number corresponding to the pronoun "I" (cognition, dow, up ), that is, this suffix disappears, as in all other forms of the verb ( cognizes, gives, gets ). But in the imperative mood, the suffix returns ( cognize, give, get ), you can not forget about it in any case.

And the subjunctive? Education and application

We pass to the subjunctive conditional mood. Here everything is much simpler than even in the imperative. The peculiarity of using this inclination is that the form of the past tense is used for its formation, changing in accordance with the genus and number of the utterance object, that is, in order to say about the subject in the singular, we use the singular forms of the past tense ( went, drew ), And if we are talking about a group of people or to whom we respectfully refer to "you", the plural of the same past time is applied ( indicated, spoken ).

The second component of the subjunctive mood is the particles "would" and "b" - their choice depends on the context and is most often conditioned by the sweetness of the phrase.

That is, when we want to show the possibility of action under any condition, we take the verb in the corresponding form of the past tense and add the necessary particle to it: she would say, would go, would laugh.

A little more about the features of use

This form, incidentally, is used not only to express an action under a certain condition, but also in the case when we want to express dreams, wishes ( I would like to, I would dream ) and fears, doubts ( would not happen ). Probably, it will be more correct to say that all these shades are used in equal measure, therefore the name "conditional mood" used in school textbooks is very conditional (an amusing pun is obtained), it is better to use the term "subjunctive mood".

And now, again and again, briefly

In principle, the whole theory is presented above on the simple rule of inclination in the Russian language. The table will help to secure it.

Practice, practice, and practice again!

For the final fixing of the acquired material, try to put the following verbs in different inclinations.

• In the indicative : draw, laugh, take, rustle, respond, hate, go out, refuse, bet, take pride, tear off, order, purr, hope, scratch.
• In the imperative : to go, renounce, scream, call, get, dream, achieve, turn off, give, blossom, burn, curse, boast, imagine, realize.
• In the subjunctive : painting, visiting, appearing, ordering, destroying, warming, breathing, freezing, buying, asking, reducing, breaking off, doing, congratulating, thinking.

Summing up

Insidious, subjunctive and imperative moods are one of those basic rules that do not require special memorization and are applied for the most part automatically, according to the sense of language that each of its bearers have. But at the same time, in no case can you deny the need to study at least the basic theory: without knowledge of the rule you will never be able to understand certain features of the linguistic phenomenon.

In any case, practice is sometimes a much more effective teacher than a dry theory. A huge plus of this particular case is that we apply this rule every day, so it will not be difficult to assimilate it.