How can I write off fixed assets? Instruction, Postings

The basic means of the enterprise - all that is used in the process of economic activity for more than one year - are inevitably subject to wear and tear. The equipment jams, the technologies become obsolete, and the computer in accounting has long passed for 10 years - all this leads to the need to update the property. How can I write off fixed assets? What kind of postings should I make? The answers will be opened to the reader in the article.

Characteristics of fixed assets

In order to achieve the maximum understanding of what is happening, let us recall the concept of fixed assets and the properties that they possess. So, the OS is the non-current assets of the enterprise, which have a real form and retain it in the process of operation. Such objects are designed for long-term use.

While they are of benefit, OS somehow participate in the company's business operations. Hence, their cost should be included in the cost of finished products. How does this happen? Certainly, in parts. Equal shares in the category of goods, in the process of creating which the main asset is used. How does this part of the cost of production, or equipment, look like? This is depreciation. Each month in the account 02 accumulates the calculated amount, which is then written off to the cost of production.

Reasons for retirement of fixed assets

The first thing that comes to mind when it comes to talking about the liquidation of property is its moral and material obsolescence, that is, wear and tear on all parameters. In the course of normal activity of an enterprise, this usually happens. The equipment has served the put period, the depreciation charges have been paid in full - the object can be written off. And in good condition, upgrade or sell for parts.

If you think more broadly and consider all possible scenarios that may occur in the enterprise, it will be found out that the reasons for writing off fixed assets are much greater:

• sale;
• Exchange for other property under a barter agreement;
• Donation;
• Breakdown due to PE;
• Premature wear and tear;
• Theft of property.

In each specific situation, there will be a need to compile the relevant documents that confirm the reason for the disposal of the OS and record the completion of the business transaction on the accounting accounts.

General Instruction

How to write off fixed assets from the balance sheet of the enterprise, that is, document the fact of decommissioning? In whose authority is it to decide whether the property is usable for use or is it time to send it to rest? Accounting policy comes to the rescue. It should contain clear instructions on how to write off fixed assets. In general, a commission is created that is authorized to consider the suitability of the property, the appropriateness of its use and liquidation. It consists of the head of the enterprise, the accountant and the head of the department, in which this OS is installed. In some cases, independent experts may be invited who will fully appreciate the technical characteristics of the facility.

The decision of the commission is documented. If the liquidation of property is approved, work is carried out for decommissioning and relevant records are made in accounting records.

Drawing up documentation

After inspecting the facility and determining the reasons for decommissioning, the obtained data are recorded in the act of writing off the OS. Drawing up this document is a mandatory condition for the retirement of assets from the balance of the enterprise. The RF Ministry of Finance developed unified forms of acts:

• OS-4 - for a fixed asset in the amount of 1 pc .;
• OS-4a - for the transport of the organization;
• OS-4b - for several property objects.

The document is completed in two copies, one of which is intended for the accountant, and the second - for the person who is financially responsible for this property. Be sure to indicate the reason for writing off the OS. If liquidation takes place due to someone else's fault, employees (other individuals) must be listed in the act.

All available information on the site is also entered here: the date of registration, commissioning, the amount of the original and residual value, accumulated depreciation, the repairs performed (if any), and other data directly related to the use of property to be written off .

How to write off the fixed assets from the balance sheet: we fill in the act

The form of the act OS-4, confirming the liquidation of property and giving the full right to conduct it, consists of three tables. The first of these is filled based on the data of the act of receiving the fixed asset. Here the characteristics of the asset are recorded, including the value, the amount of accumulated depreciation and the total useful life.

The second table describes the individual characteristics of the property, which were usually previously entered in the act of admission. The third part is devoted to the costs associated with the liquidation of the OS, as well as the benefits that arise when selling residual material or spare parts. A conclusion is drawn from the decommissioning of the facility, which is then written off to financial results.

How to write off fixed assets with STS?

The simplified tax regime in many respects differs from the keeping of accounting from generally accepted standards. Regulates the procedure for writing off property from the balance of small businesses - the Tax Code (Article 346.16). According to the Code, with the retirement of fixed assets, the use of which in the future is not possible, their value is not fully included in the taxable base. The amount remaining on the balance sheet when liquidating non-current assets is not taken into account for tax purposes.

If the retirement of fixed assets occurs earlier than the deadline, it is necessary to recalculate the tax base. In case of cancellation due to moral or physical deterioration, small businesses do not carry out this item.

Disposal due to wear and tear

How can I write off depreciated fixed assets from the balance sheet? This is, perhaps, the most simple case for an accountant. If the period of the intended useful use completely coincides with the actual value, the residual value is equal to zero and after writing the act on write-off the object ceases to be registered in the assets of the enterprise.

When moral or physical deterioration occurs earlier than planned, it is necessary to make calculations for which data on:

• The initial cost of the object (purchase price + installation + shipping);
• Accumulated depreciation for the worked-out period (credit of the corresponding sub-account 02);
• Residual value equal to the difference between the original cost and accumulated depreciation.

The last value is written off from account 01. The final result of the liquidation of property is attributed to the financial result.

The sequence of postings describing the write-off from the balance of fixed assets that have become unusable due to wear and tear can be traced in the table:

Completed postings completely show how to write off fixed assets. In case of formation of positive liquidation value, its value is transferred to account 91.1.

Sale of property

Nobody forbids the enterprise to sell assets on legal terms. To collect information on expenditures and incomes, which resulted in the process of selling property to another individual or legal entity, an account 91 is used . In the debit, the amounts of costs accumulate, in the loan, the revenues.

Write-off from the balance of fixed assets in the case of sale, in addition to the write-off and the contract of sale, is accompanied by postings:

• Дт 01 "Disposal" Кт 01.1 - for the sum of the initial cost of the property.
• Дт 02 Кт 01 "Disposal" - for the amount of accumulated depreciation.
• Дт 91.2 Кт 01 "Disposal" - by the residual value of the asset.
• Дт 62 Кт 91.1 - the amount of proceeds from the sale of property is reflected.
• Дт 91.2 Кт 68.2 - The VAT on the realized OS is charged.

As can be seen from the example, most of the postings are the same as the write-off algorithm for depreciation.

Contribution to the authorized capital of another enterprise

How can I write off the fixed assets contributed by a share contribution? For such purposes, account 58 is provided. Investing in the charter capital of another organization is often an advantageous way for the entrepreneur. Postings are made as follows:

• Дт 01 "Disposal" Кт 01.1 - for the sum of the initial cost of the property.
• Дт 02 Кт 01 "Disposal" - for the amount of accumulated depreciation.
• Дт 91.2 Кт 01 "Disposal" - by the residual value of the asset.
• Дт 58 Кт 01 - the amount of contribution to the charter capital of another enterprise is reflected.

It is worth noting that the share contributions can not be attributed to the sale, in connection with which the VAT on the amount of the deposit is not accrued.

The transfer of music

The organization is free to dispose of property at its discretion. The main thing is that the actions performed correspond to the established legislative acts. When donating property, how can I write off the fixed assets from the balance sheet? Postings begin all with the same actions: a deduction of initial cost and the saved up amortization. The residual value is then written off as "Other expenses". The account also collects other costs for the free transfer of the object. VAT is also charged on the basis of the current market value of the property.

What is the difference between taking the act of gift from sale? In the first case, income can not be formed, only costs. At realization of the enterprise the chance to receive the income and to leave on profit, or even to cover expenses. The financial result (loss) from the donation of assets is written off as posting Дт 99 Кт 91.9.

Partial liquidation of property

Write off the balance of the fixed asset can not completely. The method is often used for real estate for modernization, re-planning or use for other purposes. If it is a question of buildings and buildings, the unsuitable part can be demolished when the main part remains in place.

It turns out that in fact the main asset remains in the assets of the enterprise, but its value changes. In this regard, there is a need to revalue property, as well as recalculation of depreciation charges. The amounts of expenses and income from partial liquidation are reflected in account 91.

How to write off the fixed assets from the balance correctly? To do this, you have to deduct the original cost from the current cost, the amount of depreciation and get the balance, which is then reflected on the account 91 of accounting.