Geodetic work in construction. Value, types, organization, control of geodetic work in construction

Geodetic surveys in our day have found wide application in a wide variety of industries. One such area is land cadastral relations. In industry without such work, mining is impossible. But geodetic work in construction is especially important. необходимостью высокой точности измерений при проектировании и возведении как промышленных объектов, так и зданий гражданского назначения. This is due to the need for high accuracy measurements in the design and construction of both industrial facilities and civil buildings. значение геодезических работ в строительстве трудно переоценить. That is why the importance of geodetic work in construction is difficult to overestimate.

General content of the concept

The result of engineering and geodetic surveys is information about the nature of the terrain in the area where construction work is to be carried out. They are engaged in specialized companies, whose task is to build and develop survey networks (planned and high-altitude), to determine the coordinates of key points of the boundaries of land plots, to maintain and timely update topographic surveys, to identify and mark on the maps the available engineering communications (both underground and ground ).

In their activity, surveyors rely on the original data, which contain topographic maps of the area. The process of operating an object also implies the fulfillment of a number of specific engineering and geodetic tasks. Practically everywhere it is required to process and refine the design and working documentation, to carry out the tie-in and alignment works, to control the geometric parameters of the buildings, to conduct the executive survey.

геодезические работы в строительстве включают в себя задачу наблюдения за осадкой и деформацией земной поверхности и объектов строительства, в том числе в рамках мониторинга опасных природных процессов. In addition, geodetic work in construction includes the task of monitoring the sedimentation and deformation of the earth's surface and construction sites, including within the framework of monitoring of hazardous natural processes. They also know and obmerochnymi work, that is, determine the parameters of buildings and a variety of architectural forms. In addition, they control the verticality of structures and columns, verify the crane tracks. Without such works, installation of any complex type of equipment is not complete.

Types of geodetic work in construction

What are the applied directions of modern geodesy? There are a lot of them. On the site, specialists create a geodetic reference network, it is attached to absolute elevations and to the existing coordinate system in the given place. The construction site is planned in vertical and horizontal directions, the necessary volumes of excavation work are counted, design axes are taken out to the nature outside and inside the building. The objects of construction are planned vertically, their area, volume and perimeter are determined.

заводского оборудования и установке сложных приборов. Geodetic work in construction is used in the installation of factory equipment and installation of complex devices. An important place is given to them in the arrangement of railway tracks and crane rails. They are also carried out during the erection of linear structures, columns, towers, all kinds of antennas, cameral and field tracing. This type of work is also in demand in the field of underground communications.

On the fact of construction, there is an executive survey that identifies all deviations from the solutions specified in the project. The control over the geometrical parameters of the object and in the process of construction is underway. Modern methods of production of geodetic works allow creating executive plans and schemes in electronic form or in the form of 3D-models.

What they consist of

геодезические работы в строительстве можно разделить на три основных этапа. Any geodetic work in construction can be divided into three main stages. The first of them (preparatory) includes the formation of a technical task, which must contain a list of the most important points. It is about the location of the future object in the territory and in space, its size and volume. Further the list of forthcoming works is specified. It can be made up of topographic surveys, site breakdowns, executive surveys, obser- vations, or monitoring.

The customer can add a number of other wishes to the list. контроль геодезических работ в строительстве. He also maintains control of geodetic work in construction. At this stage, all communications, both basic and auxiliary, are clarified, and their mutual location. In addition to the composition of the works, the dates of their implementation and the form in which the report will be formulated are indicated.

At the preparatory stage, the necessary technical documents are collected and prepared. These include copies of existing topographic maps, situational plans with designated boundaries of sites and construction sites, master plans with outlined contours of future facilities.

The contract of work for the survey completes the preparatory stage of the geodetic work. Further it is required to be reserved by the data on results of engineering works spent in territory of construction earlier. Without them, the task becomes more complicated. Based on the terms of reference, the work organizer is considering the plan for future activities taking into account all available conditions and constraints.

The practical side of the matter

At the second stage of work - the field - geodesists conduct reconnaissance of the area. This is a rather complicated process, because often real conditions can differ significantly from those specified in the documents. The most important procedure of this stage is called topographic surveying. It belongs to the most famous and demanded varieties of engineering researches and is conducted on different scales - from 1: 500 to 1: 5000.

Based on the results of its surveyors are able to make a topographic plan. Modern measures in the field are accompanied by the use of the latest technical means in the form of electronic and optical theodolites, laser levels, etc. Their use not only facilitates the hard work of surveyors, but also increases the accuracy of measurements by an order of magnitude.

What does the plan contain?

On the compiled topographical plan, any elements of the terrain must be displayed, to which the buildings, relief differences, and large vegetation objects belong. All necessary underground communications, for example pipelines or electric cables, must be fixed on a mandatory basis. If this moment is not paid enough attention, the consequences can be very serious. That is why drawing up a topographic plan is a task of a highly qualified specialist.

Topographical shooting is useful not only for builders. Do not do without it to specialists in landscape design and those who applied for permission to build land. Thus, survey data is required almost everywhere, where it is a question of land management procedures.

Final stage

The final stage of geodetic work is called cameral, or desk. It specialists specify the data obtained during field work, and all calculated parameters. Processing requires a significant flow of information, which implies attention and high qualifications of the performers.

The technical report on the work done in the geodetic sphere is called an explanatory note and contains a lot of figures, drawings, diagrams and other data with the results of the work performed. All documentation, properly executed, is transferred to the customer.

Who guides the process

The preparatory stage of work on the construction site is usually conducted by the customer-developer, the same tasks that are directly related to the construction process are performed most often by the contractor or general contractor. The customer with the general contractor can be representatives of different organizations, but sometimes cooperate within the same investment and construction company.

зависит от их сложности и объема. The organization of geodetic work in construction depends on their complexity and volume. If a subcontractor is involved in the construction of an object, which includes specialists in the geodetic profile, all the work is done by them. If we are talking about a small object that does not involve complex research, geodetic tasks are solved directly by the builders themselves.

JV "Geodetic work in construction" - what kind of document?

Like any other type of work, geodetic survey should be regulated. The purpose of this is to ensure the uniformity and accuracy of measurements and the transfer of data from field conditions to drawings and documents. Such regulation was reflected in the system of construction norms and rules, as well as other higher standards adopted at the state level.

There are several basic documents that determine how the content of various geodetic surveys in the construction industry, and the order and forms of their implementation. СП 126 13330 2012 "Геодезические работы в строительстве". Leading of them - SP 126 13330 2012 "Geodetic work in construction." The abbreviation SP stands for "building rules". This document is an updated version of the previously adopted SNiP "Geodetic work in construction" No. 3.01.03-84. основное руководство, содержащее указания, касающиеся всех вопросов организации данного вида работ. They are the main guide, containing instructions on all matters of organization of this type of work. СНиП "Геодезические работы в строительстве", в них прописаны любые нюансы, относящиеся к порядку создания разбивочной основы, допустимой точности и т. п., излагаются многочисленные требования к стандартам погрешностей измерений в геодезической сфере и различным способам передачи отметок. As in the SNiP "Geodetic work in construction", they contain any nuances related to the order of creation of the centering base, permissible accuracy, etc., set forth numerous requirements to the standards of measurement errors in the geodetic sphere and to various ways of transferring marks.

СП "Геодезические работы в строительстве", в качестве руководства сотрудникам геодезической службы служат и другие справочные пособия. In addition to the JV "Geodetic work in construction", as guidance for staff of the geodesic service, there are other reference books. These can be developed for different applications and include, for example, the composition of the executive documentation and its content, application of special instruments in geodesy, measurement procedures with a description of necessary technologies, as well as the necessary recommendations related to geodetic work on the construction of high-rise and multifunctional buildings .

What is RPGS

свод правил "Геодезические работы в строительстве" , должны при составлении проекта производства геодезических работ (ППГР), наличие которого обязательно, если речь идет о строительстве большого и сложного объекта или здания высотой от 9 этажей. All recommendations that contain the set of rules "Geodetic work in construction" should be taken into account when drawing up a project for the production of geodetic works, which is mandatory if it is a question of building a large and complex object or a building with a height of 9 floors. Such a project contains the scope and methodology for conducting surveys, planned dates, financial and organizational matters.

The PPGP can be developed by the contractor himself or he entrusts it to a specialized organization in agreement with the customer. The project must be formed and enter production no later than 2 months before the start date.