Dialectics is an art

Dialectics is the art of reasoning, of talking (in Greek). Today the understanding of this term is somewhat wider. Thus, in the modern definition dialectic is a method and theory of knowledge of reality, the doctrine of the integrity of the world and the universal laws by which the development of thinking, society and nature. It is believed that Socrates was the first to introduce the term.

This view of the surrounding reality was formed throughout the entire development of philosophy. Components of dialectic ideas were also contained in the philosophical works of thinkers in China, Rome, India, Greece. To date, there are three main historical forms of teaching.

The first is considered spontaneous dialectics. This ancient teaching is most clearly reflected in ancient Greek philosophy, in the writings of Ephesus and Heraclitus.

Heraclitus believed that everything in the world is constantly changing, everything exists and does not exist simultaneously, being in a constant process of disappearance and emergence. The philosopher tried to explain the transformation of all things into their opposite.

Subsequently, the teaching was developed in the schools of Plato and Socrates. The latter believed that dialectics is the art of revealing the truth when confronted in a dispute of opposing opinions. According to Plato, the doctrine was a logical method, with the use of which there is a cognition of what exists - the movement of thought to higher concepts from the lower.

The second historical form is the idealistic dialectic, represented in the classical philosophical works of German thinkers (Kant, Hegel, Schelling).

This direction reached a higher level of development in the philosophy of Hegel. According to the thinker, dialectics is not only the art of controversy, polemics, conversation, but also a view of the world as a whole. Hegel believed that this method of cognition of reality takes into account the contradictoriness of the world, the interconnection of processes, things and phenomena, changes, qualitative transformations, and also transitions to the higher from the lower by denying the obsolete and affirming the growing, new.

At the same time, Hegel's ideas developed on the basis of an idealistic solution of the main philosophical question, and could not be consistent until the end. In his reasoning, the thinker could only "guess" the dialectic of things. The development of the surrounding world according to Hegel is determined in accordance with the self-development of the "idea of the absolute", the mystical "mind of the world" against the background of reasoning about oneself.

The third, the highest historical form is materialistic dialectics. This model was derived by Marx. He liberated Hegel's dialectic from mystical elements and idealism.

Marxist teaching is characterized by the objectivity of investigating phenomena, the desire to comprehend things in themselves, in a complex of diverse relations to other things. These ideas are most clearly reflected in the doctrine of subjective and objective dialectics.

Objective, according to Marx, is development, movement in the world itself as a single whole. In this case, the dialectic is not affected by the consciousness of man and mankind.

Subjective Marx considered the development and movement of concepts, thoughts reflecting all the objective in consciousness.

Thus, objective dialectics is primary, and subjective - secondary. The second depends on the first, but the first does not depend on the second. How subjective the dialectic reflects the objective, so it coincides with it in content.

The doctrine considers the most significant, common ties that take place in all spheres of the surrounding world.

There is also such a thing as "dialectic of the soul". It is believed that Tolstoy revealed this concept most precisely, pointing to a new understanding of the character of man.