Decomposition is what? Decomposition of goals. The meaning of the word "decomposition"

Today, in the era of a rapidly changing digital world, it is difficult to stay in the pace of events. To be in time everything, it is necessary to correctly set tasks, goals, distribute and delegate authority. Logic and analysis are the best helpers in solving complex problems. One of the tools of logical construction is decomposition. Let's consider it in detail.

Definition

In the general sense, decomposition is the dismemberment of the whole into its components. This is a fairly simple and understandable technique that helps to solve complex tasks on a daily basis, presenting them as a sum of parts. In the system of logical constructions, decomposition is a scientific device that solves a major problem by replacing it with several small and simpler tasks.

As a rule, decomposition is carried out with the help of the "problem tree", "goal tree", "decision tree", "tree of works", in the construction of which a clear hierarchical structure is formed, including vertical and horizontal subordination and feedback.

Features

The basis of any decomposition is a structural subordination to all the rules of the method. Of the fundamental rules governing the whole system, the following can be distinguished:

1) The level system should always be observed.

The decomposition method is based on subordinating the lower level to a higher level. This is achieved by building a hierarchical structure with the help of so-called "trees".

The first to build a tree of problems and a tree of goals is to clearly and clearly represent all the tasks that are available at the moment. At the same time, subordination should look so that tasks of a lower level reveal the essence of higher-level tasks, and all subtasks represent the whole project. Understanding the exact and complete picture of the percentage performance of the decomposition project comes only when the target tree is 100% full.

Guided by a simple formal algebra and logic, you can also build "trees AND" and "OR trees."

2) The dismemberment of the whole into parts must occur only on one feature.

This principle implies that all subtasks will be subordinated to a single idea and goal. An example of decomposition can be a construction project. As the main feature of the partitioning, a functional feature is adopted, then the project is divided into sections. For example, these may be the following main sections: reinforced concrete structures (QL), architectural solutions (AR), metal constructions (CM), heating and ventilation (OB), etc. In turn, these sections should also be broken down according to a functional feature, that is, in the sub-goals of the next level, the essence of the main goals should be presented. For example, the heating and ventilation (OB) section is divided into an explanatory note, drawings, registration, passage of normative control and technical control, release of documentation, author's supervision, corrections according to remarks, etc.

As a sign, you can also use time frames (time frames), subject characteristics, structural features, technological characteristics and others.

3) All decomposition subsystems should reveal the essence of the system.

If we represent the main task as 100%, then all the subtasks should be the same 100% in the sum. In this case, each subtask of the first level contains its own interest, representing the sum of subtasks of the second level.

It is important to understand that all the divided sub-tasks of the same level should be independent of each other, while the hierarchy of tasks on one branch should be based on the principle of dependence and feedback: the task of a higher level depends on its subtask, and vice versa.

4) The depth of the decomposition study should be determined at the initial stage.

Before creating a hierarchical structure, it is necessary to determine what the last level of subproblems will be. In some cases, it is not necessary to create many levels, since the purpose of decomposition is visualization. In the case where the hierarchy is created for precise calculations, the number of levels must be such that the topic is maximally detailed.

Classification

To date, several types of decomposition are known. You can also create your own tricks for a particular project. However, to some extent they will relate to the main types, namely: decomposition of goals (the first and the fundamental form), systems (the process of breaking the system into subsystems in order to work out and obtain the best result), the process, the work (compiling a work hierarchy for the designation Weak points and the separation of the main and primary).

As a rule, all listed processes are interrelated and on the whole represent a complete decomposition structure.

Decomposition of goals

To begin work, a tree of problems and a tree of goals are drawn up. The tree of problems is a structural diagram of the main problem, divided into problems of the second and third levels. In this form, it becomes much easier to solve. After a detailed analysis of the problems, a goal tree is created, which is the resolved tree of problems. That is, a solution is offered for each problem. At the same time, the already existing structure and interdependence of subtasks are preserved.

Analysis of actions

Work decomposition is a logical construction that begins when all goals and problems are indicated and represents the hierarchical structure of all actions that must be carried out to solve a particular task.

Such a logical scheme allows us to identify those stages of work on which problems arose. Since subtasks depend on high-level tasks, the work tree allows you to see where there are problems and shortcomings. Often, due to weaknesses in the first level of decomposition, work at lower levels is affected.

For example, if the buyer did not apply for self-tapping, then the accounting department did not make any invoices and did not purchase them. At the construction site everything is worth it, because the installers are not enough for the work of self-tapping screws.

Classic reception

To perform a more detailed analysis of structures, identify their weaknesses, main goals and directions, tasks, projects and works, the systems are decomposed.

The system is divided both horizontally and vertically into levels. They should form an overall picture of the structure. Decomposition of systems is a general example of a hierarchy for any kind of decomposition.

Application in business

To describe and analyze the activities of companies, as a rule, the process is decomposed. With the help of the hierarchy, you can determine the pain points of the company, the areas on which failures occur.

The processes are summarized in a general scheme and analyzed, after which a detailed report on the company's activities is drawn up.

Example of decomposition

As an example, consider the project of construction of a capital construction object. Development is carried out in two stages: working documentation and project documentation. This will be the subtasks of the first level. At the design stage, the works will be presented with estimates and projects. At the working stage the same way. These are subtasks of the second level. For example, a project is usually presented in the form of the following parts:

• General explanatory note;
• Scheme planning organization of land ;
• Architectural solutions;
• Constructive and space-planning solutions.

The following subsections follow:

• Power supply system;
• water supply system;
• Water disposal system;
• Heating, ventilation and air conditioning, heating networks;
• Communication networks;
• Gas supply system;
• technological solutions.

Sections and subsections of the project and working documentation are the subtasks of the third level.

Each section consists of certain stages and must contain information according to state standards. For example, the section of the project for technological solutions necessarily includes a textual part with a detailed description of the technological scheme and the adopted equipment, a graphic part (plans, sections, diagrams), equipment list, design of the project, site visits, passage of standard control and technical control, release of documentation.

At each level, responsible executives are appointed, from which the result is then required. In this example of decomposition, the executors of the first level are the head of the project department, the second is the chief engineer of the project (ISU), the third is the design engineers.

Briefly about the main

Decomposition is a method of formal practical logic that presupposes a qualitative elaboration of the main task according to the main goal of the work. This approach ensures the involvement of personnel at all levels to solve multi-level tasks. This allows you to conduct the project most effectively, with the least financial investment and labor costs.