Bone of a person. Anatomy: human bones. A human skeleton with the name of bones

What composition has the human bone, their name in those or other departments of the skeleton and other information you will learn from the materials of the article. In addition, we will tell you about how they are interconnected and what function they perform.

general information

The represented organ of the human body consists of several tissues. The most important of them is the bone. So, let's consider together the composition of human bones and their physical properties.

Bone tissue consists of two basic chemicals: organic (ossein) - about 1/3 and inorganic (calcium salts, phosphate-lime) - about 2/3. If such an organ is exposed to a solution of acids (for example, nitric, hydrochloric, etc.), then the lime salts will dissolve quickly, and the ossein will remain. He also will keep the shape of the bone. However, it will become more elastic and soft.

If the bone is burned well, the organic matter will burn, and the inorganic ones, on the contrary, will remain. They will maintain the shape of the skeleton and its firmness. Although the human bones (photo presented in this article) will become very fragile. Scientists have proved that the elasticity of this organ depends on the ossein contained in it, and the hardness and elasticity - from mineral salts.

Features of human bones

The combination of organic and inorganic substances makes the human bone unusually strong and elastic. This is quite convincing and their age-related changes. After all, in young children, osseina is much more than in adults. In this regard, their bones are particularly flexible, and therefore extremely rarely break. As for the old people, the ratio of inorganic and organic substances varies in favor of the former. That is why the bone of an elderly person becomes more fragile and less elastic. As a consequence, the old people have a lot of fractures, even with minor injuries.

Anatomy of the human bone

The structural unit of the organ, which is visible with a small magnification of the microscope or in a magnifying glass, is osteon. This is a peculiar system of bone plates arranged concentrically around the central canal through which the nerves and blood vessels pass.

It should be specially noted that osteons do not closely adjoin each other. Between them there are gaps that are filled with bone interstitial plates. In this case, the osteons are not randomly distributed. They fully correspond to the functional load. Thus, in tubular bones, osteons are parallel to the long bone, in spongy bones - perpendicular to the vertical axis. And in flat (for example, in the skull) - parallel or radial to its surface.

What layers have human bones?

Osteons together with interstitial plates form the main middle layer of bone tissue. From the inside, it is completely covered by the inner layer of bone plates, and outside - to the surrounding. It should be noted that the entire last layer is permeated with blood vessels that go from the periosteum through special channels. By the way, from the osteons are composed and larger elements of the skeleton, visible to the naked eye on the roentgenogram or on the cut.

So, let's consider the physical properties of all bone layers:

• The first layer is a strong bone tissue.
• The second is the connective, which covers the bone from the outside.
• The third layer is loose connective tissue, serving as a kind of "clothing" for the blood vessels that fit the bone.
• The fourth is a cartilaginous tissue covering the ends of bones. It is in this place that these organs increase their growth.
• The fifth layer consists of nerve endings. In case of malfunctions of this element, the receptors give a kind of signal to the brain.

The human bone, or rather all of its internal space, is filled with bone marrow (red and yellow). Red is directly related to bone formation and hematopoiesis. As you know, it is completely permeated with vessels and nerves, which feed not only itself, but also all the internal layers of the organ represented. The yellow bone marrow promotes the growth of the skeleton and its strengthening.

What are the forms of bones?

Depending on the location and functions, they can be:

• Long or tubular. Such elements have an average cylindrical part with a cavity inside and two wide ends that are covered with a thick layer of cartilage (for example, the bones of a person's leg).
• Wide. These are the thoracic and pelvic, and also the bones of the skull.
• Short. Such elements are distinguished by irregular, polyhedral and rounded forms (for example, wrist bones, vertebrae, etc.).

How are they connected?

The human skeleton (with the name of the bones we'll see below) is a set of individual bones that are connected to each other. This or that order of these elements depends on their immediate functions. There are discontinuous and continuous connection of human bones. Let us consider them in more detail.

Continuous connections. These include:

• Fibrotic. The bones of the human body are interconnected by means of a lining of dense connective tissue.
• Bony (that is, the bone has fully grown together).
• Cartilaginous (intervertebral disks).

Discontinuous connections. These include synovial, that is, between the articulating parts is the joint cavity. Bones are held by a closed capsule and supporting muscle tissues and ligaments.

Thanks to such features of the hand, the bones of the lower extremities and the trunk as a whole are capable of bringing the human body into motion. However, the motor activity of people depends not only on the compounds presented, but also on the nerve endings and bone marrow that are contained in the cavity of these organs.

Skeleton Functions

In addition to mechanical functions that support the shape of the human body, the skeleton provides the ability to move and protect the internal organs. In addition, the bone system is the site of hematopoiesis. Thus, new blood cells are formed in the bone marrow.

Among other things, the skeleton is a kind of storage for most of the phosphorus and calcium of the body. That is why it plays an important role in the exchange of minerals.

A human skeleton with the name of bones

The skeleton of an adult consists of more than 200 elements. At the same time, each part (head, arms, legs, etc.) includes several types of bones. It should be noted that their name and physical characteristics vary considerably.

Bones of the head

The human skull consists of 29 parts. In this case, each part of the head includes only certain bones:

1. The brain department, consisting of eight elements:

• Frontal bone;
• Wedge shaped;
• Parietal (2 pcs.);
• Occipital;
• Temporal (2 pieces);
• Lattice.

2. The front department consists of fifteen bones:

• Palatal bone (2 pcs.);
• Opener;
• Malar bone (2 pcs.);
• Upper jaw (2 pcs.);
• Nasal bone (2 pieces);
• lower jaw;
• Lacrimal bone (2 pcs.);
• Lower nasal concha (2 pcs.);
• Hyoid bone.

3. Bones of the middle ear:

• Hammer (2 pcs.);
• An anvil (2 pieces);
• Stirrup (2 pcs.).

Torso

Human bones, whose names almost always correspond to their location or appearance, are the most easily researched organs. Thus, various fractures or other pathologies are detected rather quickly using a diagnostic method such as radiography. It should be specially noted that one of the largest bones of a person is the bones of the trunk. These include the entire vertebral column, which consists of 32-34 separate vertebrae. Depending on the functions and location:

• Thoracic vertebrae (12 pcs.);
• Cervical (7 pcs.), Including an epistrophe and an atlant;
• Lumbar (5 pcs.).

In addition, the bones of the body include the sacrum, coccyx, thorax, ribs (12 × 2) and sternum.

All these elements of the skeleton are designed to protect internal organs from possible external influences (bruises, blows, punctures, etc.). It should also be noted that in the case of fractures, the sharp ends of the bones can easily damage the soft tissues of the body, leading to a severe internal hemorrhage, leading to a lethal outcome. In addition, for the growth of such organs, much more time is needed than for those that are located in the lower or upper limbs.

Upper limbs

The bones of the human hand include the largest number of small elements. Thanks to this skeleton of the upper limbs, people are able to create household items, use them and so on. Like the vertebral column, the human hands are also divided into several departments:

1. Belt of the upper limb consists of a scapula (2 pcs.) And a clavicle (2 pcs.).
2. The free part of the upper limb has the following parts:

• Shoulder - humerus (2 pieces).
• Forearm - ulnar (2 pieces) and radial bones (2 pieces).
• Brush, which includes:
  - wrist (8 × 2), consisting of scaphoid, semilunar, trihedral and pea bones, as well as trapezoid bone, trapezoid bone, capitate and hook-shaped;
  - a metacarpus consisting of a metacarpal bone (5 × 2);
  - Bones of fingers (14 × 2), consisting of three phalanges (proximal, middle and distal) in each finger (except for the large one with 2 phalanges).

All the presented human bones, whose names are rather difficult to remember, allow to develop the motor skills of the hands and to perform the simplest movements that are extremely necessary in everyday life.

It should be especially noted that the constituent elements of the upper limbs are subject to fractures and other injuries most often. However, such bones coalesce faster than others.

Lower limbs

The human foot bones also include a large number of small elements. Depending on the location and functions, they are divided into the following departments:

• Belt of the lower limb. This includes the pelvic bone, which consists of the ilium, ischial and pubic.
• Free part of the lower limb, consisting of the thighs (femur - 2 pieces, patella - 2 pieces).
• Shin. It consists of a tibia (2 pieces) and peroneal (2 pieces).
• Foot.
• Tarsus (7 × 2). In its composition, the bones are two pieces each: calcaneal, ram's, navicular, medial wedge-shaped, intermediate wedge-shaped, lateral wedge-shaped, cuboidal.
• A plus, consisting of metatarsal bones (5 × 2).
• Bones of fingers (14 × 2). We list them: the middle phalanx (4 × 2), the proximal phalanx (5 × 2) and the distal phalanx (5 × 2).

The most common disease of bones

Experts have long established that it is osteoporosis. It is this deviation that most often causes sudden fractures, as well as painful sensations. The unofficial name of the presented disease sounds like a "silent thief". This is due to the fact that the disease proceeds imperceptibly and extremely slowly. Calcium is gradually washed out of bones, which leads to a decrease in their density. By the way, osteoporosis often occurs in the elderly or in adulthood.

Aging of bones

As mentioned above, in the old age the human bone system undergoes significant changes. On the one hand, bone thinning begins and the number of bone plates decreases (which leads to the development of osteoporosis), and on the other hand, excessive formations appear in the form of bone growths (or so-called osteophytes). Calcification of articular ligaments, tendons and cartilages at the place of their attachment to these organs also occurs.

Aging of the osteoarticular apparatus can be determined not only by the symptoms of pathology, but thanks to such a diagnostic method as radiography.

What changes occur due to atrophy of bone substance? Such pathological conditions include:

• Deformation of the joints (or the so-called disappearance of their rounded shape, grinding edges and the appearance of corners).
• Osteoporosis. When examined on a radiograph, the bone of a sick person looks more transparent than in a healthy one.

It should also be noted that patients often exhibit changes in bone joints due to excessive deposition of lime in the adjacent cartilaginous and connective tissue tissues. As a rule, such deviations are accompanied by:

• Narrowing of the joint X-ray crack. This is due to the calcification of the articular cartilage.
• Strengthen the relief of the diaphysis. This pathological condition is accompanied by calcification of tendons at the site of attachment of bones.
• Bony growths, or osteophytes. This disease is formed due to the calcification of the ligaments at the site of their attachment to the bone. It should be specially noted that such changes are especially well revealed in the hand and spine. In the remaining sections of the skeleton, three basic radiographic signs of aging are traced. These include osteoporosis, narrowing of the joint slots and strengthening of the bone relief.

In some people, such symptoms of aging can appear early (about 30-45 years), while in others - late (65-70 years) or completely absent. All described changes are quite logical normal manifestations of bone system activity at an older age.

It is interesting

• Very few people know, but the hyoid bone is the only bone in the human body, which is in no way connected with others. Topographically, it is on the neck. However, it is traditionally referred to the facial section of the skull. Thus, the sublingual element of the skeleton with the help of muscle tissue is suspended to its bones and connected to the larynx.
• The longest and strongest bone of the skeleton is the femur.
• The smallest bone of the human skeleton is in the middle ear.