Methods of design. Methods and objectives of design. Scale models. Stages of Design

Consider the basics of design. The methods used in it depend on the specifics of the created drawings.

Architectural design

It represents the creation of a prototype of a future non-residential or residential structure. The prototype of this object is referred to by professionals as an architectural project. Work on it is a time-consuming and time-consuming process. The design of buildings involves the development of technical and design documentation, the implementation of numerous mathematical calculations, engineering calculations, estimates and graphs, as well as writing various descriptions and explanatory notes. These requirements are suitable for all types of construction and engineering work. The design of buildings involves the implementation of such operations in order to obtain the desired result after the completion of construction work.

Specificity of work on the project

All activities under the project, the thought process of creating the structure and image of the future building are necessarily fixed in the form of images. The design of buildings is currently impossible without the use of automated equipment, electronic and computer machines, graphic mock-ups. In addition, professionals pay attention to the creation of mock-ups of the houses and office premises being developed.

Drawing Features

Drawing method, actively used in the modern construction industry, is based on the conditional image of objects and space on the plane with the application of the foundations of descriptive geometry. Its specificity is that the analytical process of consideration of the design task, as well as the creative intrigues of the ideas of the future building, the technical part of the project, are necessarily accompanied by graphic drawings, tables, texts, diagrams, sketches. Each design stage has its own graphic techniques.

Graphic projects

It has certain stages of design. This technique is used to create industrial enterprises, architectural objects, and lay-out inside the premises. What are the objectives of this design? With it, you can get smaller copies of future large buildings without using complex tools and equipment. Such design methods as graphic sketches are available to all technically competent specialists. The range of drawings varies from a large microdistrict to the smallest details of buildings and buildings. It was graphics that became the international language when carrying out projects in various spheres of human activity. If we consider the main design methods, then the drawings became the main tools for the work of engineers and builders. They are successfully introduced into the design practice of industrial organizations.

Model-mock-up methodology

The model of the model, which takes into account all the design features of the project, assumes a serious and long work of the whole team of engineers. Considering a variety of different options, choose the only correct version. And the scale of the model is chosen depending on which particular moments should be highlighted by the developers. Modeling helps to solve various problems at the stage of the theoretical development of the building, avoiding problems in the process of transferring them to real construction work.

The breadboard-graphical method

Practice shows that, if it is necessary to solve modern construction tasks, an integrated approach is important. He fully satisfies the creative process of architectural design in the modern construction industry. The design technology assumes a rational combination of graphic and artistic mastery with compositional thinking, scale modeling. In addition, the civil engineers use a volumetric method. It helps to analyze the specifics of the created drawings, the purpose, and also carry out the necessary calculations.

Thumbnail method

Such design methods are required when searching for a volumetric layout and image, as well as when performing work on a large scale. The use of high-quality artistic study of all the nuances of the model, preservation of proportions, guarantees an ideal reproduction of the future architectural structure. The mock-graphical technique, which includes the volumetric method, spatial modeling, is a universal weapon in the architectural design of industrial facilities.

Photo and film design

These modern technologies have opened up huge opportunities for architects to analyze the building model being created by imitating the existence of people in the space of the proposed building. Thanks to the design, modern architects create perfect compositions, reduce the likelihood of errors occurring when the "paper project" is transferred to reality. The laws of mathematics, logic, means of office equipment, automated machines simplify the procedure for preparing documentation, speed up the design of office buildings and household objects.

Systems and design methods involve the processing of a large amount of information, so it is important to seek additional resources in order to optimize the process, meet the requirements dictated by a rapidly changing society.

All methods used in modern construction are based on project activities. They are impossible without the use of modern electronic tools and automated equipment. When developing master plans, working out the number of storeys of buildings, performing calculations, architects actively use infrared technologies.

Design task

The sought method is aimed at developing projects based on the optimal summation of aesthetic, social, scientific, technical, natural, building and other conditions with the aim of obtaining ready-made and faithful solutions. With the help of automation and modeling on electronic machines of the latest generation, it is possible to support the processes of systematization, accumulation, and processing of information flow. The design assumes an analytical comparison of the finished variants with the programmed parameters and the choice of the best solution variant, its technical and graphical fixing, and also in obtaining the necessary amount of the project documentation. Phototelegraphic equipment, film cameras, holographic apparatuses, memory devices, copying centers, control panels became integral parts in the creation of projects of buildings and office premises. All these elements are the accelerating tools in the work of any designer.

Features of architectural graphics

It is the direction of the fine arts, which embraces the creative process of images and ideas in designing with architectural design. A detailed plan for the future construction in a drawing with a certain scale is being carried out. To do this, use certain designations of pylons, walls, foundations, columns, marks for the location of doors and windows. The master plan shows the location of the ensemble of buildings or a separate building in a certain locality with the location of the sides of the world. The architectural drawing is interconnected with mathematical calculations and instructions of the real dimensions of the building being created, demonstrates the ratio of its constituent parts. Currently, a subdivision of architectural graphics into digital and classical is proposed. In the classical graphics, objects such as paints, pencils, and paper are used as basic tools. Digital graphics are impossible without the use of modern computer systems.

Sequence of design

This creative process is carried out in our country according to certain state standards and norms in different branches of the economy. Development of project documentation is carried out at such stages:

• Development of a draft design;
• Study of the material;
• Preparation of working documentation;
• Approval of the finished project.

Let's consider the design stages. At the first stage, the coordination of materials with executive authorities and state supervision is not expected. The professionals consider the nuances of the sketch to be the thinking over of the main details of the future object before a final decision on its implementation in real construction is made.

With the help of a draft design, the following problems are solved:

• Town-planning justification for the location of a new construction site on the ground;
• Demonstration of the internal layout and appearance of the created object;
• Identification of the attractiveness of the project from the point of view of investors;
• The definition of historical, cultural, town-planning, sanitary-hygienic and ecological requirements.

The draft design has an explanatory note, a situational plan with surrounding territories, a master plan, floor plans, transport schemes, facades, sections with special "layers", variants of volume and color solutions of facades, photomontage, 3D visualization.

Design Features

This technique is used not only in the construction industry, but also in the organizational structure of management. It consists in choosing the optimal version of the organization in the production management, which will improve the efficiency of personnel, the volume of output will increase. Risk in the management aspect is defined as the level of uncertainty in forecasting the result. It is always connected with the choice of alternatives and the calculation of the probability of the result obtained for each individual alternative.

The design of structures in an industrial and economic organization is viewed as a complex object, including economic, administrative, organizational, information, economic interactions that can be directly studied and rationally designed, as well as socio-psychological connections and characteristics. They are directly related to the level of skills and abilities of employees, the style of leadership, attitude to their job duties. The peculiarity of the problem of designing the structure of organizational management lies in the fact that it should not be adequately represented in the form of the task of formal selection of the ideal variant of the organizational structure according to the formulated, mathematically justified criterion of optimality. The problem assumes several criteria at once, therefore, to solve it, combine the scientific methods of modern analysis, modeling, evaluation of organizational systems with the functioning of a leader, an expert and a specialist in selecting and evaluating ideal organizational solutions.

Organizational design assumes a consistent approximation to the model of an optimal management structure, in which design methods have an auxiliary role in assessing, reviewing, adopting the most effective methods of organizational solutions to the reality. The design of management structures is carried out on the basis of methods complementing each other:

• Analogies;
• Structuring;
• Expert-analytical approach;
• Organizational modeling.

The method of analogies is the use of management mechanisms and organizational forms that have proved themselves in companies with similar organizational parameters, namely, goals, sizes, compared to the projected organization. The methodology of analogies refers to the development of typical methods of managing production and economic organizations. What are the design tasks? The method of analogies is applied on the basis of two approaches, which are mutually complementary. The first is to identify certain values and patterns of change in the main organizations of governance mechanisms that will be effective under certain initial conditions. The second position presupposes a set of general decisions on the relationship and nature of individual management links and positions, taking into account the activities of the organization, the direction of its activities, and the creation of special regulatory parameters for the management apparatus for organizations of this type.

The expert-analytical method assumes examination and detailed study of the company. For this, qualified specialists are involved, it is from their conclusion that the choice of tools for designing depends.

Conclusion

Any human activity is closely connected with the use of project technologies. In addition to the construction industry, the project methodology is widely used in educational institutions. Individual entrepreneurs starting their own production, first carefully study the theoretical foundations of design, to improve the efficiency of the company, minimize unnecessary costs, reduce the cost of manufactured products. Any action, in the commission of which you can develop a new interesting case, is called a design technology. The Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation has developed educational standards of the second generation, in which design techniques are an indispensable condition for the formation of a harmoniously developed personality.