Categories of dialectics in Philosophy

In dialectics there are a number of regularities that specify and supplement its basic laws. They are expressed in categories. Laws and categories of dialectics exist in the philosophical system, where its content is determined. The most important, basic and essential concepts in a scientific discipline are called categories. The priority of the discovery of dialectical laws and the formation of categories belongs to the German philosopher G. Hegel.

Such categories of dialectics as "essence and phenomenon" reflect the general forms of the surrounding subject world and its study by man. Essence is the internal (implicit) content of an object, which is expressed in the unity of all the diverse and contradictory forms of its existence, and the phenomenon is the outer (explicit) forms of its being, the detection (manifestation) of this object. The categories "essence and phenomenon" in human thinking mean a transition from a variety of existing forms of an object to its inner essence.

"Form and content" are categories of dialectics, where content is the defining side of the whole and represents the unity of the properties of the object, its internal processes, the interrelationships of elements, and form is the mode of existence and manifestation of content.

"Necessity and chance" is another pair of dialectical categories specifying the understanding of the nature of the dependence of the phenomenon expressing different types of connections, the degree of determination of the phenomenon. Randomness is the reflection, for the most part, of external, insignificant, individual manifestations of reality, and necessity is characterized by a natural connection of internal, stable, repetitive connections and relations of reality.

"Cause and Effect" are categories of dialectics that reflect the universal form of communication and interaction of phenomena. The reason is a phenomenon that determines, determines, causes another phenomenon, which is called a consequence. The consequence that is produced by the cause depends on certain conditions. One cause under different conditions can cause different consequences. The difference between the cause and the condition is relative. Any condition in some respects can be the cause, and the reason in a certain respect can be a condition. Cause and effect are in dialectical unity: the same causes under identical conditions cause the same consequences.

"Possibility and reality" are two more categories of dialectics that reflect the stages of development of any object or phenomenon in society, nature and man. Speaking of the possibility of a dialectical category, one must keep in mind that this is a realistic trend in the evolution of a phenomenon or an object that can arise on the basis of some regularity in the evolution of an object and determines it. By reality, however, we understand the objectively existing unity of the natural relationship between the evolution of phenomena or objects.

The following dialectical categories, which we will consider, are "singular, special and universal". By unit we mean a concrete, limited in time and space body, thing or system of things of a certain quality. By special - the dialectical category, which expresses the actual object or phenomenon in the correlation of its opposite moments - the individual and the universal. The special, as a rule, is considered as something that mediates the relation between the individual and the universal. By the category of the universal we will understand the reflection of the objective unity of various phenomena of nature and society in the mind of man.

Thus, in this article we have considered the main categories of dialectics.